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Where are the default wallpaper pictures stored in Windows Vista and Windows XP?
The default wallpaper pictures are stored in C:WINDOWS\Web\Wallpaper folder in Windows Vista and XP.
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Rank: Advanced Member
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Restore "My Computer" icon that has been accidentally deleted in Vista
If you accidently deleted "my computer" icon from the desktop, you can bring it back by following the steps blow:
- Right click anywhere in the free or blank area of the Windows Desktop then select Personalize -> Change desktop icons
- Check on "Computer"
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Deleting files without sending them to recycle bin
You can delete the files without sending them to recycle bin by pressing shift while hitting the delete key.
If you want to permanently delete files without using the Recycle Bin every time, you can right-click the Recycle Bin icon, select Properties, and check on "Do not move files to the Recycle Bin. Remove files immediately when deleted.".
If you think the "Are you sure?" message annoys you when you send something to the Recycle Bin every time, you can turn off it by deselecting "Display delete confirmation dialog" in the above figure.
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HashTab Windows Shell Extension
HashTab is a Windows shell extension which adds a tab called "File Hashes" to the Windows Explorer file properties. The tab contains the MD5, SHA1 and CRC-32 file hashes.
These are common hashes that are used to verify the integrity and authenticity of files. Many download sites list the MD5 hash along with the download link. The HashTab makes it very simple for Windows users to check these hashes on any file on the system without using external tools.
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NET USE command
The NET USE command is used to associate a local drive letter or device name with a shared network drive or device. Most often, the NET USE command is used for network drive mapping.
The NET USE command can be used also to disconnect a computer from a shared resource, or to display information about computer network connections.
The NET USE command also controls persistent net connections.
To retrieves a simple list of network connections, type:
net use
To assign the disk-drive device name E: to the Letters shared directory on the \\Financial server, type:
net use e: \\financial\letters
To connect the user identifier Dan as if the connection were made from the Accounts domain, type:
net use d:\\server\share /user:Accounts\Dan
To disconnect from the \\Financial\Public directory, type:
net use f: \\financial\public /delete
To restore the current connections at each logon, regardless of future changes, type:
net use /persistent:yes
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Rank: Administration
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Limitations of the FAT32 File System in Windows
Note the following limitations when you use the FAT32 file system with Windows:
- Clusters cannot be 64 kilobytes (KB) or larger. If clusters are 64 KB or larger, some programs (such as Setup programs) may incorrectly calculate disk space.
- A FAT32 volume must contain a minimum of 65,527 clusters. You cannot increase the cluster size on a volume that uses the FAT32 file system so that it contains fewer than 65,527 clusters.
- The maximum disk size is approximately 8 terabytes when you take into account the following variables: The maximum possible number of clusters on a FAT32 volume is 268,435,445, and there is a maximum of 32 KB per cluster, along with the space required for the file allocation table (FAT).
- You cannot decrease the cluster size on a FAT32 volume so that the size of the FAT is larger than 16 megabytes (MB) minus 64 KB.
- You cannot format a volume larger than 32 gigabytes (GB) in size using the FAT32 file system during the Windows XP installation process. Windows XP can mount and support FAT32 volumes larger than 32 GB (subject to the other limits), but you cannot create a FAT32 volume larger than 32 GB by using the Format tool during Setup. If you need to format a volume that is larger than 32 GB, use the NTFS file system to format it. Another option is to start from a Microsoft Windows 98 or Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition (Me) Startup disk and use the Format tool included on the disk.
NOTE: When you attempt to format a FAT32 partition that is larger than 32 GB during the Windows XP installation process, the format operation fails near the end of the process, and you may receive the following error message:
Logical Disk Manager: Volume size too big.
- MS-DOS, the original version of Microsoft Windows 95, and Microsoft Windows NT 4.0-and-earlier do not recognize FAT32 partitions, and are unable to start from a FAT32 volume.
- You cannot create a file larger than (2^32)-1 bytes (this is one byte less than 4 GB) on a FAT32 partition.
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Windows File System Comparisons
On very large disks, the maximum size of a volume or file and the maximum number of files per volume depend on the file system used to format the volume.
Maximum Sizes on FAT16 Volumes
FAT16 can support a maximum of 65,524 clusters per volume. the following table lists FAT16 size limits.
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Maximum file size
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2 32 minus 1 bytes
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Maximum volume size
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4 GB
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Files per volume
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2 16
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Maximum Sizes on FAT32 Volumes
A FAT32 volume must have a minimum of 65,527 clusters. The maximum number of clusters that Windows 2000 can mount on a FAT32 volume is 4,177,918. Windows 2000 can format volumes up to 32 GB, but it can use larger volumes created by other operating systems. The following table lists FAT32 size limits.
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Maximum file size
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2 32 minus 1 bytes
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Maximum volume size
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32 GB (This is due to the Windows 2000 Format tool. The maximum volume size that Windows 98 can create is 127.53 GB).
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Files per volume
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Approximately 2 22
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Maximum Sizes on NTFS Volumes
In theory, the maximum NTFS volume size is 2 64 clusters. However, there are limitations to the maximum size of a volume, such as volume tables. By industry standards, volume tables are limited to 2 32 sectors.
Sector size, another limitation, is typically 512 bytes. While sector sizes might increase in the future, the current size puts a limit on a single volume of 2 terabytes (2 32 * 512 bytes, or 2 41 bytes). The following table lists NTFS size limits.
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Maximum file size
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2 64 - 1 KB (Theoretical)
2 44 - 64 KB (Implementation)
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Maximum volume size
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2 64 clusters (Theoretical)
2 32 clusters (Implementation)
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Files per volume
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2 32 - 1
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